Usually missing or broken authentication, a cold sending domain, or a list that has not been mailed in months. If SPF, DKIM, and DMARC are not published, Gmail and Yahoo treat bulk mail from your domain as suspicious no matter how good the content is.
The other big causes are sending to old addresses that now bounce, no visible unsubscribe link, image-heavy templates with almost no text, and jumping from zero to two thousand sends overnight. Clean the list, publish the records, warm the domain over two to three weeks, and keep spam complaints well under a third of a percent.
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